The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform In computing, cross-platform is a term used to refer to computer software or computing methods and concepts that are implemented and inter-operate on multiple computer platforms. Cross-platform software may be divided into two types; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports, and the other one can be and language A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication-independent convention for representing and interacting with objects In computer science, an object commonly means a data structure consisting of data fields and procedures that can manipulate those fields. Typically, when calling a method from some object, the object itself should be passed as a parameter to the method in HTML HTML, an initialism for Hypertext Mark-up Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document—by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, etc.—and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects, XHTML The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax and XML XML is a general-purpose specification for creating custom markup languages. It is classified as an extensible language, because it allows the user to define the mark-up elements documents. Objects under the DOM (also sometimes called "Elements") may be specified and addressed according to the syntax and rules of the programming language used to manipulate them. The rules for programming and interacting with the DOM are specified in the DOM Application Programming Interface In computer science, an application programming interface is an interface defining the ways by which an application program may request services from libraries and/or operating systems. An API determines the vocabulary and calling conventions the programmer should employ to use the services. It may include specifications for routines, data (API).

In simple terms, the Document Object Model is the way JavaScript sees its containing HTML page and browser state.

Contents

History

The history of the Document Object Model is intertwined with the history of the "browser wars The browser wars are present and past competitions for dominance in the web browser marketplace. The term is used to denote two specific periods of time: the competition between market-dominating Netscape Navigator and its eventual defeat by Microsoft Internet Explorer during the late 1990s, and the competition from 2003 onwards between the" of the late 1990s between Netscape Navigator Netscape Navigator and Netscape are the names for the proprietary web browser popular in the 1990s, and the flagship product of the Netscape Communications Corporation, and the dominant web browser in terms of usage share. Yet by 2002 its users had almost disappeared. One of the reasons for this was due to the popularity of Microsoft's Internet and Microsoft Internet Explorer, likewise that of JavaScript JavaScript is a scripting language used to enable programmatic access to objects within other applications. It is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript for the development of dynamic websites. JavaScript is a dialect of the ECMAScript standard and is characterized as a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based language with first-class and JScript JScript is the Microsoft dialect of the ECMAScript scripting language specification, with JavaScript being another dialect, the first scripting languages A scripting language, script language or extension language is a programming language that allows control of one or more software applications. "Scripts" are distinct from the core code of the application, which is usually written in a different language, and are often created or at least modified by the end-user. Scripts are often to be widely implemented in the layout engines A layout engine, or rendering engine, is software that takes marked up content and formatting information (such as CSS, XSL, etc.) and displays the formatted content on the screen. It "paints" on the content area of a window, which is displayed on a monitor or a printer. A layout engine is typically used for web browsers, e-mail clients, of web browsers A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to.

Legacy DOM

JavaScript was released by Netscape Communications Netscape Communications was a US computer services company, best known for its web browser. The browser was once dominant in terms of usage share, but lost most of that share to Internet Explorer during the first browser war. By the end of 2006, the usage share of Netscape browsers had fallen, from over 90% in the mid 1990s, to less than 1% in 1996 within Netscape Navigator 2.0. Netscape's competitor, Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is a United States-based multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, its most profitable products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite, released Internet Explorer 3.0 Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 is a graphical web browser released on August 13, 1996 by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and on January 8, 1997 for Apple Mac OS . It began serious competition against Netscape Navigator in the first Browser war. It was the first more widely used version of Internet Explorer, although it did not surpass Netscape or later the same year with a port of JavaScript called JScript. JavaScript and JScript let web developers A web developer is a software developer or software engineer who is specifically engaged in the development of World Wide Web applications, or distributed network applications that are run over the HTTP protocol from a web server to a web browser create web pages with client-side In computer networking, the term client-side refers to operations that are performed by the client in a client-server relationship interactivity. The limited facilities for detecting user-generated events In computing an event is an action that is usually initiated outside the scope of a program and that is handled by a piece of code inside the program. Typically events are handled synchronous with the program flow, that is, the program has one or more dedicated places where events are handled. Typical sources of events include the user . Another and modifying the HTML document in the first generation of these languages eventually became known as "DOM Level 0" or "Legacy DOM". No independent standard was developed for DOM Level 0, but it was partly described in the specification of HTML4.

Legacy DOM was limited in the kinds of elements In computing, an HTML element indicates structure in an HTML document and a way of hierarchically arranging content. More specifically, an HTML element is an SGML element that meets the requirements of one or more of the HTML Document Type Definitions . These elements have properties: both attributes and content, as specified (both allowable and that could be accessed. Form A webform on a web page allows a user to enter data that is sent to a server for processing. Webforms resemble paper forms because internet users fill out the forms using checkboxes, radio buttons, or text fields. For example, webforms can be used to enter shipping or credit card data to order a product or can be used to retrieve data, link In computing, a hyperlink is a reference in a document to an external piece of information. The most common usage is in the Internet to browse through web pages: some text in the current document is highlighted so that when clicked, the browser automatically displays another page or changes the current page to show the referenced content. The and image elements could be referenced with a hierarchical name that began with the root document object. A hierarchical name could make use of either the names or the sequential index of the traversed elements. For example, a form input element A text box, text field or text entry box is a common element of graphical user interface of computer programs, as well as the corresponding type of widget used when programming GUIs. A text box's purpose is to allow the user to input text information to be used by the program. User-interface guidelines recommend a single-line text box when only could be accessed as either "document.formName.inputName" or "document.forms[0].elements[0]".

The Legacy DOM enabled client-side form validation and the popular "rollover Rollover refers to a button created by a web developer or web designer, found within a web page, used to provide interactivity between the user and the page itself. The term rollover in this regard originates from the visual process of "rolling the mouse cursor over the button" causing the button to react , and sometimes resulting in a" effect.

Intermediate DOM

In 1997, Netscape and Microsoft released version 4.0 of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer, adding support for Dynamic HTML Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is a collection of technologies used together to create interactive and animated web sites by using a combination of a static markup language , a client-side scripting language (such as JavaScript), a presentation definition language (such as CSS), and the Document Object Model (DHTML), functionality enabling changes to a loaded HTML document. DHTML required extensions to the rudimentary document object that was available in the Legacy DOM implementations. Although the Legacy DOM implementations were largely compatible since JScript was based on JavaScript, the DHTML DOM extensions were developed in parallel by each browser maker and remained incompatible. These versions of the DOM became known as the "Intermediate DOM."

The Intermediate DOMs enabled the manipulation of Cascading Style Sheet Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation (that is, the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL (CSS) properties which influence the display of a document. They also provided access to a new feature called "layers" via the "document.layers" property (Netscape Navigator) and the "document.all" property (Internet Explorer). Because of the fundamental incompatibilities in the Intermediate DOMs, cross-browser Cross-browser refers to the ability for a website, web application, HTML construct or client-side script to support all the web browsers. The term cross-browser is often confused with multi-browser. Multi-browser means something works with several web browsers. Cross-browser means something works with all versions of all browsers to have existed development required special handling for each supported browser.

Subsequent versions of Netscape Navigator abandoned support for its Intermediate DOM. Internet Explorer continues to support its Intermediate DOM for backwards compatibility In technology, for example in telecommunications and computing, a device or technology is said to be backwards compatible if it allows input generated by older devices. A standard, for example a data format or a communication protocol, is said to allow backward compatibility, if products designed for the new standard can receive, read, view or.

Standardization

The World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). It is arranged as a consortium where member organizations maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. As of June 2009, the W3C had 388 members (W3C), founded in 1994 to promote open standards The terms "open" and "standard" have a wide range of meanings associated with their usage. The term "open" is usually restricted to royalty-free technologies while the term "standard" is sometimes restricted to technologies approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested for the World Wide Web The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, the World Wide Web was invented in 1989 by the English, brought Netscape Communications and Microsoft together with other companies to develop a standard for browser scripting languages, called "ECMAScript ECMAScript is a scripting language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used on the web, especially in the form of its three best-known dialects, JavaScript, ActionScript, and JScript". The first version of the standard was published in 1997. Subsequent releases of JavaScript and JScript would implement the ECMAScript standard for greater cross-browser compatibility.

After the release of ECMAScript, W3C began work on a standardized DOM. The initial DOM standard, known as "DOM Level 1," was recommended by W3C in late 1998. About the same time, Internet Explorer 5.0 shipped with limited support for DOM Level 1. DOM Level 1 provided a complete model for an entire HTML or XML XML is a general-purpose specification for creating custom markup languages. It is classified as an extensible language, because it allows the user to define the mark-up elements document, including means to change any portion of the document. Non-conformant browsers such as Internet Explorer 4.x and Netscape 4.x were still widely used as late as 2000.

DOM Level 2 was published in late 2000. It introduced the "getElementById" function as well as an event model DOM events allow event-driven programming languages like JavaScript, JScript, ECMAScript, VBScript and Java to register various event handlers/listeners on the element nodes inside a DOM tree, e.g. HTML, XHTML, XUL and SVG documents and support for XML namespaces XML namespaces are used for providing uniquely named elements and attributes in an XML instance. They are defined by a W3C recommendation called Namespaces in XML. An XML instance may contain element or attribute names from more than one XML vocabulary. If each vocabulary is given a namespace then the ambiguity between identically named elements and CSS. DOM Level 3, the current release of the DOM specification, published in April 2004, added support for XPath XPath, the XML Path Language, is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. In addition, XPath may be used to compute values from the content of an XML document. XPath was defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and keyboard event handling, as well as an interface for serializing In computer science, in the context of data storage and transmission, serialization is the process of converting an object into a sequence of bits so that it can be persisted on a storage medium or transmitted across a network connection link. When the resulting series of bits is reread according to the serialization format, it can be used to documents as XML.

By 2005, large parts of W3C DOM were well-supported by common ECMAScript-enabled browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer version 6 (2001), Gecko Gecko is a layout engine currently developed by Mozilla Corporation, known as the layout engine of the Firefox web browser, Mozilla Application Suite, Nvu, Mozilla Thunderbird and many more. It is designed to support open Internet standards, and is used by applications such as Mozilla Firefox, Camino, Flock, SeaMonkey, K-Meleon, Netscape 9,-based browsers (like Mozilla The Mozilla Application Suite is a cross-platform integrated Internet suite. Its development was initiated by Netscape Communications Corporation, before their acquisition by AOL. It is based on the source code of Netscape Communicator. The development was spearheaded by the Mozilla Organization from 1998 to 2003, and by the Mozilla Foundation, Firefox Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser descended from the Mozilla Application Suite and managed by Mozilla Corporation. Firefox had 22.51% of the recorded usage share of web browsers as of May 2009[update], making it the second most popular browser in terms of current use worldwide, after Internet Explorer. See how Firefox performs and Camino Camino is a free, open source, GUI-based Web browser based on Mozilla's Gecko layout engine and specifically designed for the Mac OS X operating system. In place of an XUL-based user interface used by most Mozilla-based applications, Camino uses Mac-native Cocoa APIs, although it does not use native text boxes), Konqueror Konqueror is a web browser, file manager, etc. that provides file-viewer functionality to a wide variety of things: local files, files on a remote ftp server, files in a disk image, etc. It is designed as a core part of the K Desktop Environment. It is developed by volunteers and can run on most Unix-like operating systems. Konqueror, along with, Opera Opera is a web browser and internet suite developed by the Opera Software company. Opera handles common Internet-related tasks such as displaying web sites, sending and receiving e-mail messages, managing contacts, IRC online chatting, downloading files via BitTorrent, and reading web feeds. Opera is offered free of charge for personal computers, and Safari Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. First released as a public beta on January 7, 2003 on the company's Mac OS X operating system, it became Apple's default browser beginning with Mac OS X v10.3 "Panther". Apple has also made Safari the native browser for the iPhone OS. A version of Safari for the Microsoft Windows operating.

Applications

DOM is likely to be best suited for applications where the document must be accessed repeatedly or out of sequence order. If the application is strictly sequential and one-pass, the SAX model is likely to be faster and use less memory. In addition, non-extractive XML parsing models, such as VTD-XML Virtual Token Descriptor for eXtensible Markup Language refers to a collection of efficient XML processing technologies centered around a non-extractive XML, "document-centric" parsing technique called Virtual Token Descriptor (VTD). Depending on the perspective, VTD-XML can be viewed as one of the following:, provide a new memory-efficient option.

Web browsers

A web browser is not obliged to use DOM in order to render an HTML document. However, the DOM is required by JavaScript scripts that wish to inspect or modify a web page dynamically. In other words, the Document Object Model is the way JavaScript sees its containing HTML page and browser state.

Implementations

Because DOM supports navigation in any direction (e.g., parent and previous sibling) and allows for arbitrary modifications, an implementation must at least buffer the document that has been read so far (or some parsed form of it).

Layout engines

Web browsers rely on layout engines to parse HTML into a DOM. Some layout engines such as Gecko Gecko is a layout engine currently developed by Mozilla Corporation, known as the layout engine of the Firefox web browser, Mozilla Application Suite, Nvu, Mozilla Thunderbird and many more. It is designed to support open Internet standards, and is used by applications such as Mozilla Firefox, Camino, Flock, SeaMonkey, K-Meleon, Netscape 9, or Trident/MSHTML Trident is the name of the layout engine for the Microsoft Windows version of Internet Explorer. It was first introduced with the release of Internet Explorer version 4.0 in October 1997; it has been steadily upgraded and remains in use today. For versions 7 and 8 of Internet Explorer, Microsoft made significant changes to the Trident layout are associated primarily or exclusively with a particular browser such as Firefox or Internet Explorer. Others, such as WebKit WebKit is an open source application framework that provides a foundation upon which to build a web browser. WebKit was originally derived by Apple Inc. from the Konqueror browser’s KHTML software library for use as the engine of Mac OS X’s Safari web browser and has now been further developed by individuals from the KDE project, Apple, Nokia,, are shared by a number of browsers, such as Safari Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. First released as a public beta on January 7, 2003 on the company's Mac OS X operating system, it became Apple's default browser beginning with Mac OS X v10.3 "Panther". Apple has also made Safari the native browser for the iPhone OS. A version of Safari for the Microsoft Windows operating and Google Chrome. The different layout engines implement the DOM standards to varying degrees of compliance.

See also: Comparison of layout engines (Document Object Model)

Libraries

See also

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Document object models

Specifications

Bindings

Standards of the World Wide Web Consortium
Recommendations Canonical XML · CDF · CSS · DOM · HTML · MathML · OWL · P3P · PLS · RDF · RDF Schema · SISR · SMIL · SOAP · SRGS · SSML · SVG · SPARQL · Timed Text · VoiceXML · WSDL · XForms · XHTML · XLink · XML · XML Base · XML Encryption · XML Events · XML Information Set · XML Schema · XML Signature · XPath · XPointer · XQuery · XSL · XSL-FO · XSLT
Notes XAdES · XHTML+SMIL
Working Drafts CCXML · CURIE · HTML 5 · InkML · WICD · XFDL · XFrames · XBL · XHTML+MathML+SVG · XMLHttpRequest · XProc · OWL 2
Guidelines Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Deprecated C-HTML · HDML · JSSS · PGML · VML
W3C Device Description Working Group

Categories: Application programming interfaces | Object models | World Wide Web Consortium standards | XML-based standards

 

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DOM. Scripting: Web Design with JavaScript and the . Document Object Model. gives you everything you need to start using JavaScript and the . Document Object Model. to enhance your web pages with client-side dynamic effects. ...

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When ever i press submit button nothing happens?
Q. when ever i press submit button nothing is happening why? 0) { $last_name = $_POST["lastname"]; $email_address = $_POST["email"]; $address = $_POST["address"]; $city = $_POST["city"]; $province = $_POST["province"]; $contact_no = $_POST["contactno"]; } $query = "Insert into user_information (first_name, last_name, email_address, address, city, province, contact_no) VALUES('$first_name', '$last_name', '$email_address', '$address', '$city', '$provi [cont.]
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A. You see it's form action, not "frorm action" :D
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