Metadata is loosely defined as data about data. Metadata is a concept that applies mainly to electronically archived or presented data and is used to describe the a) definition, b) structure and c) administration of data files A computer file is a block of arbitrary information, or resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage. A file is durable in the sense that it remains available for programs to use after the current program has finished. Computer files can be considered as the modern with all contents in context Context is the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or settings which determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event to ease the use of the captured and archived data for further use. For example, a web page may include metadata specifying what language it's written in, what tools were used to create it, where to go for more on the subject and so on.

Contents

Metadata definition

Metadata is defined as data providing information about one or more other pieces of data, such as:

For example: A digital image A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image using ones and zeros . Depending on whether or not the image resolution is fixed, it may be of vector or raster type. Without qualifications, the term "digital image" usually refers to raster images also called bitmap images may include metadata that describes how large the picture is, the color depth, the image resolution, when the image was created, and other data. A text document's metadata may contain information about how long the document is, who the author is, when the document was written, and a short summary of the document.

Metadata is data. As such, metadata can be stored and managed in a database, often called a registry or repository. However, it is impossible to identify metadata just by looking at it. We don't know when data is metadata or just data.[1]

Libraries

Metadata has been used in various forms as a means of cataloging archived information. The Dewey Decimal System employed by libraries for the indexing of books is an early example of metadata usage. This system used small 3x5 inch cards to display a book's title, author, subject matter, and a brief plot synopsis along with an abbreviated alpha-numeric identification system which indicated the physical location of the book within the library's shelves. Such data helps classify, aggregate, identify, and locate a particular book. Another form of older metadata collection is the use by US Census Bureau of what is known as the “Long Form." The Long Form asks questions that are used to create demographic data to create patterns and to find patterns of distribution. [2] The term was coined in 1968 by Philip Bagley, one of the pioneers of computerized document retrieval Information retrieval is the science of searching for documents, for information within documents, and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching relational databases and the World Wide Web. There is overlap in the usage of the terms data retrieval, document retrieval, information retrieval, and text retrieval, but each also has.[3][4] Since then the fields of information management, information science, information technology, librarianship and GIS have widely adopted the term. In these fields the word metadata is defined as “data about data”.[5] While this is the generally accepted definition, various disciplines have adopted their own more specific explanation and uses of the term.

For the purposes of this article, an "object" refers to any of the following:

Photographs

Metadata may be written into a digital photo file that will identify who owns it, copyright & contact information, what camera created the file, along with exposure information and descriptive information such as keywords about the photo, making the file searchable on the computer and/or the Internet. Some metadata is written by the camera and some is input by the photographer and/or software after downloading to a computer.

Photographic Metadata Standards are governed by organizations that develop the following standards. They include, but are not limited to:

Video

Metadata is particularly useful in video, where information about its contents (such as transcripts of conversations and text descriptions of its scenes) are not directly understandable by a computer, but where efficient search is desirable.

Web pages

Web pages often include metadata in the form of meta tags Meta elements are HTML or XHTML elements used to provide structured metadata about a Web page. Such elements must be placed as tags in the< code>head section of an HTML or XHTML document. Meta elements can be used to specify page description, keywords and any other metadata not provided through the other head elements and attributes. Description and keywords meta tags are commonly used to describe the Web page's content. Most search engines use this data when adding pages to their search index.

Creation of metadata

Metadata can be created either by automated information processing or by manual work. Elementary metadata captured by computers can include information about when a file was created, who created it, when it was last updated, file size and file extension.

Metadata structures

Metadata is typically structured according to a standardised concept using a well defined metadata scheme, including: metadata standards To ensure correct and proper use and interpretation of data, all users and owners of data should have a common understanding of the meaning or semantics of the data. To achieve this common understanding, a number of characteristics, or attributes of the data have to be defined, also known as metadata and metadata models Metadata modeling is a type of metamodeling used in software engineering and systems engineering for the analysis and construction of models applicable and useful some predefined class of problems. Tools such as controlled vocabularies Controlled vocabularies provide a way to organize knowledge for subsequent retrieval. They are used in subject indexing schemes, subject headings, thesauri and taxonomies. Controlled vocabulary schemes mandate the use of predefined, authorised terms that have been preselected by the designer of the vocabulary, in contrast to natural language, taxonomies Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. The word finds its roots in the Greek τάξις, taxis and νόμος, nomos (meaning 'law' or 'science'). Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa (singular taxon), thesauri A thesaurus is a book that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning , in contrast to a dictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations. The largest thesaurus in the world is the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary[citation needed], which contains more than 920,000 words, data dictionaries A data dictionary, a.k.a. metadata repository, as defined in the IBM Dictionary of Computing, is a "centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format." The term may have one of several closely related meanings pertaining to databases and database management systems : and metadata registries Because metadata registries are used to store both semantics and systems-specific constraints (for example the maximum length of a string) it is important to identify what systems impose these constraints and to document them. For example the maximum length of a string should not change the meaning of a data element can be used to apply further standardisation to the metadata.

Metadata syntax

Metadata syntax refers to the rules created to structure the fields or elements of metadata.[6] A single metadata scheme may be expressed in a number of different markup or programming languages, each of which requires a different syntax. For example, Dublin Core may be expressed in plain text, HTML HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms, XML XML is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards and RDF The Resource Description Framework is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata data model. It has come to be used as a general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources, using a variety of syntax formats.[7]

Metadata types

The metadata application is manifold covering a large variety of fields of application there are nothing but specialised and well accepted models to specify types of metadata. Bretheron & Singley (1994) distinguish between two distinct classes: structural/control metadata and guide metadata.[8] Structural metadata is used to describe the structure of computer systems such as tables, columns and indexes. Guide metadata is used to help humans find specific items and is usually expressed as a set of keywords in a natural language. According to Ralph Kimball Ralph Kimball is an author on the subject of data warehousing and business intelligence.He is widely regarded as the 'Guru' of Data Warehousing and is known for long-term convictions that data warehouses must be designed to be understandable and fast. His methodology, also known as dimensional modeling or the Kimball methodology, has become the de metadata can be divided into 2 similar categories - Technical metadata and Business metadata. Technical metadata correspond to internal metadata, business metadata to external metadata. Kimball adds a third category named Process metadata. On the other hand, NISO distinguishes between three types of metadata: descriptive, structural and administrative. [5] Descriptive metadata is the information used to search and locate an object such as title, author, subjects, keywords, publisher; structural metadata gives a description of how the components of the object are organised; and administrative metadata refers to the technical information including file type. Two sub-types of administrative metadata are rights management metadata and preservation metadata.

Hierarchical, linear and planar schemata

Metadata schemas can be hierarchical in nature where relationships exist between metadata elements and elements are nested so that parent-child relationships exist between the elements. An example of a hierarchical metadata schema is the IEEE LOM Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. The purpose of learning object metadata is to support the reusability of learning objects, to aid discoverability, and to facilitate their interoperability, usually in the context of online schema where metadata elements may belong to a parent metadata element. Metadata schemas can also be one dimensional, or linear, where each element is completely discrete from other elements and classified according to one dimension only. An example of a linear metadata schema is Dublin Core schema which is one dimensional. Metadata schemas are often two dimensional, or planar, where each element is completely discrete from other elements but classified according to two orthogonal dimensions.[9]

Metadata hypermapping

In all cases where the metadata schemata exceed the planar depiction, some type of hypermapping is required to enable display and view of metadata according to chosen aspect and to serve special views. Hypermapping frequently applies to layering of geographical and geological information overlays.[10]

Granularity

Granularity is a term that applies to data as well as to metadata. The degree to which metadata is structured is referred to as its granularity Granularity is the extent to which a system is broken down into small parts, either the system itself or its description or observation. It is the "extent to which a larger entity is subdivided. For example, a yard broken into inches has finer granularity than a yard broken into feet.". Metadata with a high granularity allows for deeper structured information and enables greater levels of technical manipulation however, a lower level of granularity means that metadata can be created for considerably lower costs but will not provide as detailed information. The major impact of granularity is not only on creation and capture, but moreover on maintenance. As soon as the metadata structures get outdated, the access to the referred data will get outdated. Hence granularity shall take into account the effort to create as well as the effort to maintain.

Metadata standards

International standards apply to metadata. Much work is being accomplished in the national and international standards communities, especially ANSI The American National Standards Institute or ANSI [citation needed] is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American (American National Standards Institute) and ISO The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva, (International Organization for Standardization) to reach consensus on standardizing metadata and registries.

The core standard is ISO The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva,/IEC 11179-1:2004 [11] and subsequent standards (see ISO/IEC_11179 ISO/IEC 11179 (formally known as the ISO/IEC 11179 Metadata Registry standard) is an international standard for representing metadata for an organization in a Metadata Registry). All yet published registrations according to this standard cover just the definition of metadata and do not serve the structuring of metadata storage or retrieval neither any administrative standardisation.

Metadata usage

Statistics and census services

Standardisation work has had a large impact on efforts to build metadata systems in the statistical community. Several metadata standards are described, and their importance to statistical agencies is discussed. Applications of the standards at the Census Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Statistics Canada, and many others are described. Emphasis is on the impact a metadata registry can have in a statistical agency.

Library and information science

Digital libraries A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats and accessible by computers. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. A digital library is a type of information retrieval system widely employ metadata in Library management system. Metadata is used as a means of cataloguing resources such as books, periodicals, papers, CDs, and DVDs. This data is stored in an integrated library management system, ILMS, using the MARC MARC is an acronym, used in the field of library science, that stands for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. The MARC standards consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. It defines a bibliographic data format that metadata standard. The purpose is the straight querying for quick access to the repository of titles on the queried subject.

Libraries are also using the ILMS to store information about electronic resources including electronic journals Electronic journals, also known as ejournals, e-journals, and electronic serials, are scholarly journals or intellectual magazines that can be accessed via electronic transmission. In practice, this means that they are usually published on the Web. They are a specialized form of electronic document: they have the purpose of providing material for, e-books An e-book is an e-text that forms the digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book, sometimes restricted with a digital rights management system. An e-book, as defined by the Oxford Dictionary of English, is "an electronic version of a printed book which can be read on a personal computer or hand-held device designed specifically and websites A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path ('/') in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a.

Standardisation for library operation is a key topic in international standardisation (ISO The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its headquarters in Geneva,) since decades. Standards for metadata in digital libraries include Dublin Core The Dublin Core set of metadata elements provides a small and fundamental group of text elements through which most resources can be described and cataloged. Using only 15 base text fields, a Dublin Core metadata record can describe physical resources such as books, digital materials such as video, sound, image, or text files, and composite media, METS The Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard is a metadata standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata regarding objects within a digital library, expressed using the XML schema language of the World Wide Web Consortium. The standard is maintained in the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library, MODS The Object Description Schema is an XML-based bibliographic description schema developed by the United States Library of Congress' Network Development and Standards Office. MODS was designed as a compromise between the complexity of the MARC format used by libraries and the extreme simplicity of Dublin Core metadata, DDI The Data Documentation Initiative is an international project to create a standard for information describing social science data. Begun in 1995, the effort brings together data professionals from around the world to develop the standard. The DDI specification, written in XML, provides a format for content, exchange, and preservation of, ISO standard Digital Object Identifier (DOI) A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata, ISO standard Uniform Resource Name (URN) A Uniform Resource Name is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the urn scheme, and does not imply availability of the identified resource. Both URNs (names) and URLs (locators) are URIs, and a particular URI may be a name and a locator at the same time, PREMIS In 2003 the Online Computer Library Center and Research Libraries Group (RLG) established the PREMIS working group, which consisted of a multi-national roster of more than thirty representatives from the cultural, government, and private sectors, in order to define implementable, core preservation metadata, with guidelines/recommendations for schema, and OAI-PMH OAI-PMH is a protocol developed by the Open Archives Initiative. It is used to harvest (or collect) the metadata descriptions of the records in an archive so that services can be built using metadata from many archives. An implementation of OAI-PMH must support representing metadata in Dublin Core, but may also support additional representations. Leading libraries in the world give hints on their metadata standards strategies.[12][13]

Metadata and the law

United States

Problems involving metadata in litigation A lawsuit, or "suit in law", is a civil action brought before a court of law in which a plaintiff, a party who claims to have received damages from a defendant's actions, seeks a legal or equitable remedy. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment will be given in the in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language are becoming widespread.[when?] Courts have looked at various questions involving metadata, including the discoverability of metadata by parties. Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have only specified rules about electronic documents, subsequent case law has elaborated on the requirement of parties to reveal metadata.[14] In October 2009, the Arizona Supreme Court has ruled that metadata records are public record.[15]

Document Metadata is particularly important in legal environments where litigation can request this sensitive information (metadata) which can include many elements of private detrimental data. This data has been linked to multiple lawsuits that have got corporations into legal complications.

Using metadata removal tools can mitigate the risks associated with metadata. These clean documents before they are sent outside of the firm. This process partially protects law firms from potentially unsafe leaking of sensitive data through Electronic Discovery Electronic discovery, or "e-discovery", refers to discovery in civil litigation which deals with information in electronic format also referred to as Electronically Stored Information "ESI". In this context, electronic form is the representation of information as binary numbers. Electronic information is different from paper. Removal of metadata alone is only one aspect of redaction Sanitization is the process of removing sensitive information from a document or other medium, so that it may be distributed to a broader audience. When dealing with classified information, sanitization attempts to reduce the document's classification level, possibly yielding an unclassified document. Originally, the term sanitization was applied, a technique for which it's infamously necessary to perform thoroughly and completely.

Metadata in healthcare

Australian researches in medicine started a lot of metadata definition for applications in health care. That approach offers the first recognised attempt to adhere to international standards in medical sciences instead of defining a proprietary standard under the WHO umbrella first.

The medical community yet did not approve the need to follow metadata standards despite respective research.[16]

Metadata and data warehousing

Data warehouse A data warehouse is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data, designed to facilitate reporting and analysis (DW) is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data. Data warehouses are designed to manage and store the data whereas the Business Intelligence Business Intelligence refers to computer-based techniques used in spotting, digging-out, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments or associated costs and incomes (BI) focuses on the usage of data to facilitate reporting and analysis.[17]

The purpose of a data warehouse is to house standardized, structured, consistent, integrated, correct, cleansed and timely data, extracted from various operational systems in an organization. The extracted data is integrated in the data warehouse A data warehouse is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data, designed to facilitate reporting and analysis environment in order to provide an enterprise wide perspective, one version of the truth. Data is structured in a way to specifically address the reporting and analytic requirements.

An essential component of a data warehouse A data warehouse is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data, designed to facilitate reporting and analysis/business intelligence Business Intelligence refers to computer-based techniques used in spotting, digging-out, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments or associated costs and incomes system is the metadata and tools to manage and retrieve metadata. Ralph Kimball[18] describes metadata as the DNA of the data warehouse as metadata defines the elements of the data warehouse and how they work together.

Metadata on the Internet

The HTML format used to define web pages allows for the inclusion of a variety of types of metadata, from basic descriptive text, dates and keywords to further advanced metadata schemes such as the Dublin Core, e-GMS, and AGLS[19] standards. Pages can also be geotagged with coordinates. Metadata may be included in the page's header or in a separate file. Microformats allow metadata to be added to on-page data in a way that users don't see, but computers can readily access.

Interestingly, many search engines are cautious about using metadata in their ranking algorithms due to exploitation of metadata and the practice of search engine optimization, SEO, to improve rankings, see Meta element article for further discussion.

Geospatial metadata

Metadata that describe geographic objects (such as datasets, maps, features, or simply documents with a geospatial component) have a history going back to at least 1994 (refer MIT Library page on FGDC Metadata). This class of metadata is described more fully on the Geospatial metadata page.

Cloud applications

With the availability of Cloud applications, which include those to add metadata to content, metadata is increasingly available over the Internet.

Metadata administration and management

Metadata storage

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be and removed. (June 2010)

Metadata can be stored either internally, in the same file as the data, or externally, in a separate file. Metadata that is embedded with content is called embedded metadata. A data repository typically stores the metadata detached from the data. Both ways have advantages and disadvantages:

Moreover, there is the question of data format: storing metadata in a human-readable format such as XML can be useful because users can understand and edit it without specialized tools. On the other hand, these formats are not optimized for storage capacity; it may be useful to store metadata in a binary, non-human-readable format instead to speed up transfer and save memory.

Database management

Each relational database system has its own mechanisms for storing metadata. Examples of relational-database metadata include:

In database terminology, this set of metadata is referred to as the catalog. The SQL standard specifies a uniform means to access the catalog, called the INFORMATION_SCHEMA, but not all databases implement it, even if they implement other aspects of the SQL standard. For an example of database-specific metadata access methods, see Oracle metadata. Programmatic access to metadata is possible using APIs such as JDBC, or SchemaCrawler.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ METADATA STANDARDS AND METADATA REGISTRIES: AN OVERVIEW
  2. ^ National Archives of Australia (2002). "AGLS Metadata Element Set - Part 2: Usage Guide - A non-technical guide to using AGLS metadata for describing resources". http://www.naa.gov.au/records-management/publications/agls-element.aspx. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  3. ^ Bagley, Philip (Nov 1968), Extension of programming language concepts, Philadelphia: University City Science Center
  4. ^ "The notion of "metadata" introduced by Bagley". Solntseff, N; Yezerski, A (1974), A survey of extensible programming languages, Annual Review in Automatic Programming, 7, Elsevier Science Ltd, pp. 267-307, doi:10.1016/0066-4138(74)90001-9
  5. ^ a b NISO. "Understanding Metadata". NISO Press. http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf. Retrieved 05 January 2010.
  6. ^ Cathro, Warwick (1997). "Metadata: an overview". http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/cathro3.html. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  7. ^ DCMI (5 Oct 2009). "Semantic Recommendations". http://dublincore.org/specifications/. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  8. ^ Bretherton, F. P.; Singley, P.T. (1994). "Metadata: A User's View, Proceedings of the International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB)". pp. 1091–1094.
  9. ^ "Types of Metadata". University of Melbourne. 15 August 2006. http://www.infodiv.unimelb.edu.au/metadata/add_info.html. Retrieved 06 January 2010.
  10. ^ [www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXII/part4/www.ifp.uni.../kuebler51.pdf THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A GEOLOGIC HYPERMAP PROTOTYPE]
  11. ^ ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004 Information technology - Metadata registries (MDR) - Part 1: Framework
  12. ^ Library of Congress Washington DC on metadata
  13. ^ [www.d-nb.de/standardisierung/.../metadaten.htm Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Frankfurt on metadata]
  14. ^ Gelzer, Reed D. (February 2008). "Metadata, Law, and the Real World: Slowly, the Three Are Merging". Journal of AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association) 79 (2): 56–57,64. http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_036537.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_036537. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  15. ^ Walsh, Jim (30 October 2009). "Ariz. Supreme Court rules electronic data is public record". The Arizona Republic (Arizona, United States). http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2009/10/30/20091030metadata1030.html. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  16. ^ [ceur-ws.org/Vol-559/Paper1.pdf TIM: A Semantic Web Application for the Specification of Metadata Items in Clinical Research]
  17. ^ Inmon, W.H. Tech Topic: What is a Data Warehouse? Prism Solutions. Volume 1. 1995. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse)
  18. ^ Ralph Kimball,The Data Warehouse Lifecycle Toolkit, Second Edition. New York, Wiley, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-14977-5, page 10, 115-117,131-132, 140, 154-155
  19. ^ National Archives of Australia, AGLS Metadata Standard, accessed 07 January 2010, [1]
  20. ^ Sualeh Fatehi. "SchemaCrawler". SourceForge. http://schemacrawler.sourceforge.net/.

External links

Look up metadata in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Software engineering
Fields Requirements analysis • Systems analysis • Software design • Computer programming • Formal methods • Software testing • Software deployment • Software maintenance
Concepts Data modeling • Enterprise architecture • Functional specification • Modeling language • Programming paradigm • Software • Software architecture • Software development methodology • Software development process • Software quality • Software quality assurance • Structured analysis
Orientations Agile • Aspect-oriented • Object orientation • Ontology • Service orientation • SDLC
Models
Development models Agile • Iterative model • RUP • Scrum • Spiral model • Waterfall model • XP • V-Model
Other models Automotive SPICE • CMMI • Data model • Function model • Information model • Metamodeling • Object model • Systems model • View model
Modeling languages IDEF • UML
Software engineers Kent Beck • Grady Booch • Fred Brooks • Barry Boehm • Ward Cunningham • Ole-Johan Dahl • Tom DeMarco • Martin Fowler • C. A. R. Hoare • Watts Humphrey • Michael A. Jackson • Ivar Jacobson • Craig Larman • James Martin • Bertrand Meyer • David Parnas • Winston W. Royce • Colette Rolland • James Rumbaugh • Niklaus Wirth • Edward Yourdon • Victor Basili
Related fields Computer science • Computer engineering • Enterprise engineering • History • Management • Mathematics • Project management • Quality management • Software ergonomics • Systems engineering

Categories: Data management | Knowledge representation | Library cataloging and classification | Metadata | Technical communication

 

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A. You can go to to download a converter. I personally use ultimate DVD + Video converter suite. It works very well
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